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Baldwin of Forde or Ford〔Sharpe ''Handlist of Latin Writers'' pp. 66–67〕 (c. 1125 – 19 November 1190) was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1185 and 1190. The son of a clergyman, he studied canon law and theology at Bologna and was tutor to Pope Eugene III's nephew before returning to England to serve successive bishops of Exeter. After becoming a Cistercian monk he was named abbot of his monastery at Forde and subsequently elected to the episcopate at Worcester. Before becoming a bishop, he wrote theological works and sermons, some of which have survived. As a bishop, Baldwin came to the attention of King Henry II of England, who was so impressed he insisted that Baldwin become archbishop. In that office, Baldwin quarrelled with his cathedral clergy over the founding of a church, which led to the imprisonment of the clergy in their cloister for more than a year. Baldwin spent some time in Wales with Gerald of Wales, preaching and raising money for the Third Crusade. After the coronation of King Richard I, the new king sent Baldwin ahead to the Holy Land, where he became embroiled in the politics of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Baldwin died in the Holy Land while participating in the crusade; his long-running dispute with his clergy led one chronicler to characterise Baldwin as more damaging to Christianity than Saladin. ==Ecclesiastical career== Born in Exeter around 1125, Baldwin was the son of Hugh d'Eu, Archdeacon of Totnes, and a woman of unknown name who later became a nun. Gervase of Canterbury's story that he was from an even humbler background has been shown by modern scholarship to stem from bias on the medieval chronicler's part.〔Holdsworth "Baldwin" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 It is possible that he studied at Bologna in the 1150s with the future Pope Urban III.〔Bartlett ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings'' p. 509〕〔Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 37〕 Robert Warelwast, who was Bishop of Exeter from 1138 to 1155, had sent Baldwin to Italy to study law.〔Barlow "Warelwast, Robert de" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 Baldwin was also said to have taught at Exeter, although this is not substantiated by any contemporary record.〔Morey ''Bartholomew of Exeter'' pp. 105–109〕 In 1150 or 1151 Pope Eugene III appointed him tutor to Eugene's nephew. By 1155 Baldwin seems to have returned to England, where he joined the household of Robert of Chichester, Bishop of Exeter.〔 Baldwin attracted the attention of Bartholomew Iscanus, Bishop of Exeter, who made him archdeacon at Totnes in about 1161,〔Knowles ''Monastic Order'' pp. 316–324〕 after Baldwin's father's death.〔 Baldwin was known as a canon lawyer during his holding of Totnes.〔Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 184〕 He received a letter from John of Salisbury in 1167, complaining about Bartholomew's conduct during the Becket controversy. John accused Bartholomew of not properly supporting Thomas Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury in his dispute with the king, urging Baldwin to influence the bishop to increase his support, and not to sign any appeal by the English bishops against Becket.〔Knowles ''Episcopal Colleagues'' p. 103〕 Other letters from John dealt with rumours concerning Roger, the Bishop of Worcester, who John had heard was speaking badly of Becket. John's purpose seems to have been to have Baldwin pass along a warning from Becket to Roger about his behaviour; John was a supporter of Becket's during the latter's exile.〔Cheney ''Roger of Worcester'' p. 36〕 In 1169 Baldwin was once again peripherally involved in the Becket dispute, when he objected to Becket's excommunication of a number of noblemen and clergy for opposing Becket's cause. Baldwin's objection was not so much that they were excommunicated, but that no warning had been given that such an action was contemplated.〔 Baldwin became a monk in about 1170, and then abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Forde.〔Knowles, et al. ''Heads of Religious Houses'' p. 132〕〔Greenway ''(Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Worcester: Bishops )''〕 He was well known as a canonist,〔Warren ''Henry II'' p. 552〕 and often acted as a judge-delegate for the papacy, hearing cases that had reached the Roman Curia and been remanded to local experts for decision.〔Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 90〕 In 1166, Baldwin was the addressee of a work by John of Salisbury, ''Expectiatione longa'', which was one of the tracts written during the Becket controversy.〔Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' pp. 155–157〕 It was probably at this time that Baldwin wrote ''De sacramento altaris''.〔 In 1175 he served with his old bishop, Bartholomew, as joint papal judge in a dispute between Malmesbury Abbey and Josceline de Bohon, the Bishop of Salisbury.〔Morey ''Bartholomew of Exeter'' p. 36〕 In 1178 he was recommended to Pope Alexander as a possible candidate for a cardinalship, but this never occurred.〔 Baldwin became Bishop of Worcester on 10 August 1180.〔Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 278〕 While at Worcester, he impressed King Henry II by intervening in a secular case to prevent a hanging on a Sunday.〔Warren ''Henry II'' p. 554〕 Although the medieval writer Walter Map said that Baldwin was determined to continue writing even after his election to the bishopric, none of Baldwin's writings can be dated to his time as bishop except for one sermon.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baldwin of Forde」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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